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In this picture, my wife is an equal distance from the mirror as the reflection makes her appear to be. This is known as the law of reflection. (Doesn't she look happy that I'm snapping pictures in the bathroom?)
The pair of glasses that she is wearing are for her astigmatism. The lenses of the glasses help correct the way the light is perceived by her eyes. With astigmatism, the cornea of the eye (another lens) is usually curved differently and makes it difficult to focus. It can cause headaches and fatigue. She experiences blurred vision at almost all distances without her glasses.
The picture of the bubble shows dispersion, in that it is separating the light into colors due to refraction. In this case, we can only see a few different colors, but in some cases, it would separate it out into the entire rainbow.
This picture is to show refraction. The water makes the pen look a lot bigger than it really is and makes it look like it is curved, or possibly broken. This is because the light travels at a different speed in the water and distorts the image. Refraction is simply the bending of light as it goes from one medium to another.
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